Legal blogs and guides

222 plain-language guides on criminal, civil, family, banking, consumer, corporate and tribunal matters in Delhi NCR, organised by topic.

These guides answer the questions people bring to us most often: what a notice means, which court or tribunal to go to, what the time limit is and what to do this week. Each one explains the current law in plain language, including the new criminal laws in force from 1 July 2024, and links to the related practice area pages. They are general information, not advice on your facts. If you have a deadline, send us your papers.

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Criminal Law and Bail

What to Do When an FIR Is Registered Against You in Delhi

The first steps after learning of an FIR in Delhi: getting the copy, reading the sections, judging arrest risk, anticipatory bail and what to avoid.

How to Get Anticipatory Bail in Delhi Under Section 482 BNSS

Step by step: where to file anticipatory bail in Delhi, what to attach, how the hearing runs, what courts weigh and the conditions that usually follow.

Default Bail When Police Fail to File the Chargesheet in Time

How default bail under Section 187(3) BNSS works: the 60 and 90 day limits, counting the days, applying before the chargesheet and special-law extensions.

Police Notice Under Section 35 BNSS: Must You Go, and What Happens There

Received a Section 35 BNSS notice from the police? Whether you must appear, how to ask for another date, what happens at the station and when arrest is still possible.

Can an FIR Be Quashed After a Compromise? Section 528 BNSS Explained

When a High Court will quash an FIR after the parties settle, which offences qualify, what the settlement must say and how the petition runs in Delhi.

Facing a Cruelty Case Under Section 85 BNS: Options for the Husband's Family

What the husband and his relatives can do when a wife files a cruelty complaint under Section 85 BNS: arrest risk, CAW Cell, anticipatory bail, quashing and settlement.

Zero FIR and e-FIR Under the New Criminal Laws: How to File and Follow Up

How to lodge a zero FIR at any police station or an e-FIR online under Section 173 BNSS, the three-day signing rule, transfer, and how to track progress.

Police Refusing to Register Your FIR? Remedies Under Sections 173 and 175(3) BNSS

What to do when the police will not register your FIR: the written complaint to the DCP under Section 173(4), the magistrate under Section 175(3), and other routes.

How to Change or Relax Bail Conditions in Delhi Courts

How to ask a Delhi court to relax, change or remove a bail condition: which court to approach, what to file, what courts accept and what they refuse.

When Can Bail Be Cancelled? Grounds and How to Oppose It

The grounds on which courts cancel bail under the BNSS, who can apply, how the hearing runs in Delhi, and how an accused can answer a cancellation application.

Chargesheet Filed: What Happens Next in a Criminal Case

What a chargesheet under section 193 BNSS means, whether you will be arrested, how to get a copy, and each stage from cognizance to charge and trial in Delhi courts.

Discharge Application: Ending a Criminal Case Before Trial

How a discharge application under sections 250 and 262 BNSS works: the 60-day window, the test courts apply, and what to do if it is rejected.

Criminal Appeal or Revision: Which Remedy Fits Your Order

How to tell whether a criminal court order needs an appeal or a revision under the BNSS, which court hears it, and the time limits that apply.

Release of Undertrial Prisoners Under Section 479 BNSS

Who qualifies for release under section 479 BNSS, how to count one-half or one-third of the maximum sentence, the exclusions, and how to apply.

Old IPC Case or New BNS Case: Which Law Applies to Your FIR

How the date of the offence and the date of the FIR decide whether the IPC or BNS, and the CrPC or BNSS, governs your criminal case.

Your Rights on Arrest in Delhi: Grounds, Lawyer, Medical Check and 24 Hours

What the police must do when they arrest someone in Delhi: written grounds, informing family, access to a lawyer, medical check and production within 24 hours.

Bail in NDPS Small and Intermediate Quantity Cases

How bail works when the drug seized is a small or intermediate quantity under the NDPS Act: who grants it, what courts weigh, and the papers you need.

Commercial Quantity NDPS Bail and the Section 37 Test

What section 37 of the NDPS Act demands before bail in a commercial quantity case, the three routes that actually work, and how to prepare the application.

Criminal Defamation Under Section 356 BNS: Filing and Defending

How a criminal defamation complaint under section 356 BNS is filed before a magistrate, the exceptions that protect the accused, time limits, quashing and settlement.

How to Find Out If a Look Out Circular Is Open Against You

No public database lists Look Out Circulars. The lawful ways to find out whether one is open against you before reaching the airport, and what to do next.

Cheque Bounce

Cheque Bounce Legal Notice: The 30-Day Deadline and What to Write

When the 30 days for a cheque bounce notice start, what the notice under section 138 must say, how to send it, and the mistakes that sink cases.

How a Section 138 Cheque Bounce Case Runs in Delhi Courts

The stages of a section 138 cheque bounce case in a Delhi court, from filing and summons to the notice stage, evidence, judgment and settlement.

Security Cheque Bounced: Is It Still a Section 138 Offence

When a cheque given as security can found a section 138 case, when it cannot, and how holders and drawers should handle blank and post-dated security cheques.

Interim Compensation Under Section 143A in Cheque Bounce Cases

How interim compensation of up to 20% works in a cheque bounce trial: when it is ordered, how courts fix the amount, how to oppose it, and refund on acquittal.

Appeal Against a Cheque Bounce Conviction and the 20% Deposit

How to appeal a section 138 conviction in the Sessions Court, the 30-day deadline, and when the 20% deposit under section 148 can be reduced or waived.

Company Cheque Bounced: When Are Directors Liable

Section 141 NI Act explained: which directors can be prosecuted when a company cheque bounces, what the complaint must say, and how non-executive or resigned directors get out.

Settling a Cheque Bounce Case: Compounding at Every Stage

How a section 138 cheque bounce case is settled and compounded at each stage, what it costs under the 2025 Supreme Court guidelines, and how to protect an instalment deal.

Where to File a Cheque Bounce Complaint After the 2015 Amendment

Which court can hear a section 138 cheque bounce complaint under section 142(2): the payee's home branch rule, Delhi district courts, Noida, Ghaziabad and transfers.

Summons or Warrant in a Cheque Bounce Case: What to Do Next

What a summons or warrant in a Section 138 cheque bounce case means, how to appear and get bail, and how to have a warrant cancelled.

Stop Payment, Account Closed, Signature Mismatch: Which Cheque Returns Attract Section 138

Which reasons on a cheque return memo can lead to a Section 138 case, which cannot, and what the payee and drawer should do with each.

Cheque Given for a Time-Barred Debt: Can a Section 138 Case Succeed

Whether a Section 138 cheque bounce case can succeed when the cheque was given for a debt already barred by limitation, and how courts decide it.

Cheque Bounce: Criminal Case, Summary Suit or Both

How a Section 138 criminal complaint and an Order 37 summary suit compare for a bounced cheque, and when it makes sense to file both together.

Family and Divorce

Mutual Consent Divorce in Delhi: Steps, Documents and Time

How a mutual consent divorce under section 13B moves through a Delhi family court: the settlement, the two motions, the papers to carry and the realistic time.

Waiver of the Six-Month Cooling Period in Mutual Divorce

When a family court can waive the six-month gap between the first and second motion in a mutual divorce, what Amardeep Singh requires, and why applications fail.

Contested Divorce on Grounds of Cruelty: What Courts Look For

What Indian family courts treat as cruelty under section 13(1)(ia), how mental cruelty is proved, the evidence that persuades and the defences that defeat a petition.

Divorce on Grounds of Desertion: Proving Two Years of Separation

How to prove desertion under section 13(1)(ib) of the Hindu Marriage Act: the two-year rule, intention, reasonable cause, constructive desertion and the evidence that works.

How Courts Decide Interim Maintenance for a Wife

How family courts fix interim maintenance for a wife: the affidavits of income, the factors from Rajnesh v Neha, the usual benchmarks and a worked example.

Maintenance Under Section 144 BNSS for Wife, Children and Parents

Who can claim maintenance under Section 144 BNSS, where to file, what to prove, how interim orders work and how to recover unpaid maintenance.

Child Custody After Divorce: How Indian Courts Decide

How Indian family courts decide child custody after divorce: the welfare test, young children and mothers, the child's wishes, joint custody and changing an order.

Visitation Rights for a Father: Getting Time With Your Child

How a father without custody gets regular time with his child in India: applying for visitation, typical schedules, video calls and enforcing an access order.

Domestic Violence Act: Protection, Residence and Monetary Orders

What a magistrate can order under the Domestic Violence Act 2005: protection, residence, money, custody and compensation, how to apply in Delhi NCR and what the court checks.

Recovering Stridhan and Dowry Articles After Separation

How a separated wife can get back her jewellery, gifts and dowry articles from the husband or in-laws: proof, police, DV court, civil suit and safe handover.

NRI Divorce: Filing, Appearing and Recognition of Foreign Decrees

How NRIs and their spouses get divorced in India or abroad: which court has jurisdiction, appearing from overseas, serving papers and when a foreign decree is valid in India.

Transfer Petition in a Matrimonial Case Before the Supreme Court

When and how a divorce, maintenance or related case can be moved from one state to another through a Supreme Court transfer petition, and what the Court weighs.

Restitution of Conjugal Rights Under Section 9: Use and Misuse

What a section 9 petition for restitution of conjugal rights can and cannot do, how it gets misused as a tactic, and how to file or defend one in Delhi.

Permanent Alimony and One-Time Settlement in Divorce

How courts fix permanent alimony under section 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act, and how to structure, pay and protect a one-time settlement in a divorce.

Marriage Registration in Delhi Under the Hindu and Special Marriage Acts

How to register a marriage in Delhi under the Hindu Marriage Act or the Special Marriage Act: eligibility, documents, witnesses, the 60-day rule and the 30-day notice.

Annulment of Marriage: Void and Voidable Marriages Explained

When a marriage is void or voidable under the Hindu and Special Marriage Acts, the grounds and time limits for annulment, and what happens to children and maintenance.

Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage After Shilpa Sailesh

When the Supreme Court can end a dead marriage under Article 142 after Shilpa Sailesh, the factors it weighs, and how a case actually gets there.

Mediation in Divorce Cases at Delhi Family Courts

How a Delhi family court sends a divorce case to mediation, what happens in the sessions, and how a settlement becomes a decree and closes the other cases.

Guardianship of a Minor's Person and Property

Who is a minor's guardian in India, what a parent can and cannot do with a child's property, and when you need a court order in Delhi.

Maintenance and Eviction Under the Senior Citizens Act 2007

How parents and senior citizens in Delhi claim maintenance from children, evict an abusive son or daughter, and take back property gifted on condition of care.

Property and Civil Disputes

Partition Suit for Ancestral and Joint Property in Delhi

How a partition suit for ancestral or jointly inherited property works in Delhi courts: who can file, which court, the two decrees, and what slows it down.

Daughter's Share in Ancestral Property After Vineeta Sharma

What the Supreme Court decided in Vineeta Sharma, how a daughter's share in ancestral and inherited property is worked out, and what defeats or protects it.

Probate of a Will in Delhi: When It Is Needed and How

Whether you need probate of a will in Delhi after the 2025 change to Section 213, when it still helps, and how a probate petition is filed and proved.

Succession Certificate for Bank Deposits, Shares and Debts

When you need a succession certificate to collect a deceased person's bank deposits, shares or money owed, which court grants it, and how the process runs.

Legal Heir Certificate vs Succession Certificate: Which Do You Need

How a legal heir certificate from the SDM differs from a court succession certificate, and which one banks, companies, pension offices and courts actually ask for.

Someone Has Occupied Your Property: Civil and Criminal Remedies

What to do when a trespasser, relative, caretaker or encroacher takes over your house or plot: police complaint, section 6 suit, possession suit, injunction and BNSS proceedings.

Tenant Not Vacating in Delhi: Eviction Under the Rent Control Act

How a Delhi landlord evicts a tenant who will not leave: the ₹3,500 rent test, section 14 grounds, the section 25B fast track, civil suits and what not to do.

Injunction Suit to Stop Construction or Interference With Your Property

How to get a civil court to stop a neighbour, co-owner, builder or stranger from building on or interfering with your property: Order 39 stays, permanent and mandatory injunctions.

Specific Performance of an Agreement to Sell After the 2018 Amendment

When a seller backs out of an agreement to sell, can a court force the sale? How the 2018 amendment changed specific performance, and what buyers must prove.

GPA, Agreement and Will Sales: Do They Give You Title

Bought property on a GPA, agreement to sell and will? What these documents give you after Suraj Lamp, what they do not, and how to convert them into title.

Property Mutation in Delhi and UP: Process and Disputes

How property mutation works in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh, which office handles it, the documents, what mutation does not do, and how to handle mutation disputes.

Recovering Money Through a Summary Suit Under Order 37

How a summary suit under Order 37 CPC works for recovering loans, cheques, invoices and other written debts: which claims qualify, the steps, leave to defend and execution.

Limitation Periods for Civil Suits: Deadlines You Should Know

The time limits for money, property, contract and declaration suits under the Limitation Act 1963, when the clock starts, what extends it, and how to work out your own deadline.

Sending a Legal Notice: When It Helps and What to Include

When a legal notice is required before a civil suit, when it helps, what to put in it, how to send it, and what to do if nobody replies.

Can a Gift Deed Be Cancelled? Grounds and Process

When a registered gift deed can be cancelled, on what grounds, through which court or tribunal, within what time, and why a one-sided cancellation deed fails.

Ancestral or Self-Acquired Property: Why the Difference Matters

How Indian law tells ancestral property from self-acquired property, why the 1956 cut-off decides most cases, and what the label changes for sale, gift, will and partition.

Benami Property: Claims and the Benami Transactions Act

When a property bought in someone else's name counts as benami, when the person who paid can still go to court, and what the Income Tax Department can do.

Court Fee and Suit Valuation in Delhi Civil Suits

How a Delhi civil suit is valued, which court the value sends it to, how court fee is worked out for each relief, and what happens if it is wrong.

Consumer Complaints

Filing a Consumer Complaint Online on e-Jagriti

How to file a consumer complaint online on e-Jagriti: registration, the papers to upload, the fee, scrutiny objections and what happens after you submit.

Which Consumer Commission? Pecuniary Limits Explained

Which consumer commission hears your complaint: the ₹50 lakh and ₹2 crore limits, and how the value paid is counted for flats, insurance policies and cars.

Insurance Claim Rejected: Ombudsman or Consumer Commission

What to do when an insurer rejects your claim: the grievance step, when the Insurance Ombudsman is the better route, and when to go to the consumer commission.

Health Insurance Claim Denied for Pre-Existing Disease

When a health insurer can and cannot reject a claim for pre-existing disease: the 36-month rules, the 5-year moratorium, non-disclosure and how to answer the rejection.

Medical Negligence Complaint Against a Hospital or Doctor

How to file a medical negligence complaint against a hospital or doctor: records, expert opinion, the right consumer commission, compensation and the criminal route.

Defective Car or Two-Wheeler: Consumer Remedies

What to do when a new car, bike or scooter keeps failing: job cards, warranty refusals, dealer versus manufacturer, replacement or refund, and the consumer commission.

Online Shopping Refund Not Received: Complaint Against an E-Commerce Platform

Refund stuck after a return or cancellation? How the E-Commerce Rules work, who is liable, how to escalate, and when to file a consumer complaint online.

Bank Deficiency in Service: When to Go to Consumer Court

When a bank's lapse, from an unauthorised debit to lost title deeds or a locker theft, belongs in the consumer court, and when the RBI Ombudsman fits better.

Coaching or College Fee Refund Through Consumer Court

When a coaching centre, edtech platform or private college refuses to return fees, how a consumer complaint works, what refund to expect and where colleges differ.

The Two-Year Limit for Consumer Complaints and Condonation of Delay

How the two-year limit under section 69 is counted, when the clock starts for insurance, flats, hospitals and refunds, and how to ask a commission to excuse delay.

Appeal Against a District Consumer Commission Order

How to appeal a District Consumer Commission order to the State Commission: the 45 days, the 50 percent deposit, stay of the order, grounds that work and what comes after.

Enforcing a Consumer Commission Order That Is Not Obeyed

Won your consumer case but the company has not paid? How execution under Section 71 and the Section 72 penalty work, step by step, with the papers you need.

Flight Cancellation, Lost Baggage and Travel Refunds

What airlines owe you under DGCA rules for cancellations, delays and denied boarding, how the 2026 refund rules work, and how to claim for lost baggage.

Misleading Advertisements and Complaints to the CCPA

How to report a misleading advertisement to the Central Consumer Protection Authority, what it can do, and when a consumer complaint gets you your money back instead.

Real Estate and RERA

Builder Delayed Possession: Refund or Interest Under RERA

Builder missed the possession date? How section 18 of RERA lets you choose a full refund with interest or monthly delay interest, and how to decide.

Filing a RERA Complaint in Delhi, UP and Haryana

Which RERA authority hears your complaint, the forms and fees in Delhi, UP and Haryana, the documents to attach and what happens at the hearings.

RERA or Consumer Court for a Flat Buyer

A flat buyer can go to the RERA authority or the consumer commission. How the two compare on relief, cost, speed, interest and enforcement, and how to choose.

Builder Not Paying After a RERA Order: Recovery Certificate and Execution

You have a RERA order but the builder has not paid. How recovery certificates, execution petitions, penalties and the appeal deposit work in Delhi, UP and Haryana.

Builder Under Insolvency: What Homebuyers Can Do

What happens to a flat buyer when the builder is admitted into insolvency: filing the claim, voting through the authorised representative, the moratorium, resolution plans and liquidation.

Title Verification Before Buying Property in Delhi NCR

How to check a seller's title before buying property in Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad or Gurugram: the chain of documents, searches, mortgages, court cases and red flags.

Stamp Duty and Registration of Property in Delhi and UP

How much stamp duty and registration fee you pay on property in Delhi, Noida and Ghaziabad, on what value, and how a sale deed is registered at the sub-registrar.

Buying in an Unauthorised Colony in Delhi: Legal Risks

What you actually get when you buy property in an unauthorised colony in Delhi, the risks of GPA chains and demolition, and how PM-UDAY can turn possession into ownership.

One-Sided Builder Buyer Agreement Clauses Courts Strike Down

Which one-sided clauses in a builder buyer agreement courts and RERA refuse to enforce, the tests they apply, and how to raise the point in your own complaint.

Carpet Area, Super Area and Extra Charges Disputes With Builders

How RERA measures carpet area, what to do when the area shrinks or the bill grows at possession, and which builder extra charges are lawful.

Noida and Greater Noida Leasehold Property: Transfer and Disputes

How leasehold property in Noida and Greater Noida is transferred, why so many flats still lack registry, and how to handle cancellation, inheritance and authority disputes.

Appeal to the RERA Appellate Tribunal and the Deposit Rule

How to appeal a RERA authority or adjudicating officer order to the Real Estate Appellate Tribunal, the 60-day limit, and the pre-deposit a builder must make first.

RWA and Maintenance Disputes in Apartments

How maintenance disputes in apartments are decided in Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad and Gurugram, from builder handover and IFMS to unpaid dues, RWA elections and cut services.

Land Acquisition Compensation Under the 2013 Act

How compensation is calculated when the government acquires land under the 2013 Act: market value, multiplier, solatium, rehabilitation, and how to challenge a low award.

Banking, DRT and SARFAESI

Got a SARFAESI Notice Under Section 13(2)? How to Reply

What a SARFAESI section 13(2) demand notice means, what to check in it, and how to write a section 13(3A) objection the bank must answer within 15 days.

Section 17 Application in the DRT Against Bank Possession

How a borrower, guarantor or tenant challenges SARFAESI possession through a section 17 application in the DRT: the 45 days, the grounds, the stay and the orders.

Can You Stop a Bank Auction of Your Property

The real ways to stop or delay a SARFAESI auction: paying before the sale notice, settlement, a DRT stay for defects, and what is left after the sale.

Defending a Bank's Original Application Before the DRT

How to defend a bank's recovery case (Original Application) in the DRT: the 45-day written statement limit, limitation, the amount, set-off, counter-claim and settlement.

DRAT Appeal and Pre-Deposit Under SARFAESI and the RDB Act

How to appeal a DRT order to the DRAT, the 30 and 45 day limits, how the 50% and 75% pre-deposits are worked out, and when the DRAT reduces them.

One-Time Settlement With a Bank: How to Negotiate It

How banks decide a one-time settlement figure, when to make the offer, what the proposal and sanction letter must say, and what to collect after you pay.

Recovery Agent Harassment: RBI Rules and Legal Remedies

What bank and NBFC recovery agents may and may not do under RBI rules, the new 2026 directions, and how to complain to the bank, RBI, police or court.

Wilful Defaulter Declaration: Procedure and How to Challenge It

How banks declare a borrower, guarantor or director a wilful defaulter under RBI's 2024 directions, how to reply to the show cause notice, and how to challenge the order.

A Guarantor's Liability When the Borrower Defaults

How far a loan guarantor is liable when the borrower stops paying, what the bank can do to you and your property, and when a guarantor is discharged.

Section 14 SARFAESI Order by the DM or CMM: Your Options

What a magistrate's order for physical possession under section 14 SARFAESI means, how to challenge it in the DRT, and what to do before the bank arrives.

RBI Integrated Ombudsman Complaint: Process and Limits

How to file a complaint with the RBI Ombudsman under the Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2026: the 90-day deadline, compensation limits, appeals and what it cannot decide.

Credit Card or Personal Loan Default: Notices, Arbitration and Cases

What a bank or NBFC can legally do when you default on a credit card or personal loan, from notices and arbitration to Lok Adalat, cheque cases and suits.

Wrong CIBIL Entry: Getting Your Credit Report Corrected

How to get a wrong entry in your CIBIL or other credit report corrected: who fixes it, the 30-day rule, ₹100 a day compensation, and where to escalate.

MSME Loan Restructuring and Protection From Recovery

How the MSME revival framework and the Supreme Court's Pro Knits ruling require banks to try restructuring before declaring an MSME loan NPA, and how to use it.

Bank Classifies Your Account as Fraud: Your Rights After the 2023 Ruling

What happens when a bank proposes to classify your loan account as fraud: the show cause notice, the forensic audit report, your written reply, and challenging the order.

DRT Recovery Certificate and Recovery Officer Proceedings

What happens after the DRT issues a recovery certificate: the Recovery Officer's notice, attachment, auction, arrest, objections, the 30-day appeal and settlement.

Insolvency and NCLT

Section 9 IBC: Operational Creditor Petition Against a Company

How a supplier, contractor or service provider with unpaid invoices of ₹1 crore or more can start insolvency against a company under section 9 of the IBC.

Section 7 IBC Petition by a Financial Creditor

When a bank, NBFC, bondholder or private lender can file a section 7 IBC petition against a defaulting company, what must be proved, and what changed in 2026.

Replying to an IBC Section 8 Demand Notice: The Pre-Existing Dispute

A company served with an IBC section 8 demand notice has 10 days to pay or show a pre-existing dispute. How to check the notice and draft the reply.

Personal Guarantor Insolvency Under Section 95 IBC

How a bank can start insolvency against a promoter or director who personally guaranteed a company's loan, how the section 95 process runs, and what changed in 2026.

CIRP Moratorium Under Section 14: What Stops and What Continues

What the section 14 IBC moratorium freezes once the NCLT admits a company into insolvency, what it leaves running, and what creditors, landlords, suppliers and directors should do.

Filing Your Claim With the Resolution Professional

How creditors file a claim in a company's insolvency: which form, the deadline, the proof to attach, how claims are verified, and what to do if yours is rejected.

Settling an IBC Case Through Section 12A Withdrawal

How a settlement ends an insolvency case against a company: settling before admission, the section 12A window after the 2026 amendment, the 90% vote, costs and drafting.

Pre-Packaged Insolvency for MSMEs

How the pre-pack lets a small or medium company agree a plan with its financial creditors, keep running the business and have the NCLT approve it in 120 days.

Oppression and Mismanagement Petition Before the NCLT

Filing an oppression and mismanagement petition under sections 241 and 242 of the Companies Act: who qualifies, what the NCLT looks for, and the orders it can pass.

Appeal to the NCLAT: Limitation and Procedure

Time limits and steps for appealing an NCLT order to the NCLAT under the IBC and the Companies Act, including when the clock starts and why the certified copy matters.

Liquidation Under the IBC: What Happens to the Company and Creditors

What happens when the NCLT orders a company into liquidation under the IBC: the liquidator's role, the section 53 waterfall, secured creditors' choices, workers' dues and dissolution.

Director Liability After a Company Goes Into Insolvency

When a company is admitted into insolvency, directors do not become liable for its debts, but guarantees, wrongful trading, IBC offences and cheque cases can still reach them personally.

Preferential and Fraudulent Transactions in Insolvency

How the IBC lets a resolution professional undo payments, transfers and securities made before insolvency: preferential, undervalued, fraudulent and extortionate transactions, look-back periods and defences.

Company Struck Off by the ROC: Restoration Through the NCLT

How a company struck off by the ROC is restored under section 252: who can apply, the 3-year and 20-year limits, NCLT procedure, documents and usual conditions.

Business, Corporate and Contracts

Private Limited Company or LLP: Choosing for Your Business

How to choose between a private limited company and an LLP in India: investment, tax, annual compliance, liability, control, conversion and the questions to settle before you file.

Shareholders' Agreement: Clauses That Prevent Disputes

The shareholders' agreement clauses that stop disputes before they start: transfer restrictions, tag and drag, board seats, reserved matters, deadlock, anti-dilution, exit and arbitration.

Co-Founder Disputes: Exits, Vesting and Deadlock

What to do when startup co-founders fall out: reading the documents, vesting and leaver terms, removing a founder, 50:50 deadlock, IP ownership, valuation and negotiated exits.

Resigning or Removing a Director: Process and Pitfalls

How a director resigns under Section 168 and how shareholders remove one under Section 169: notices, DIR-11 and DIR-12, special notice, liability after exit and common mistakes.

Non-Disclosure Agreements: Drafting and Enforcement in India

How to draft an NDA that Indian courts will enforce, which clauses matter, stamp duty and e-signing, and what to do when confidential information leaks.

Non-Compete Clauses in India and Section 27 of the Contract Act

When a non-compete clause is valid in India, why post-employment restraints usually fail under section 27, and what employers and employees can still enforce.

Partnership Firm Disputes and Dissolution

How partnership disputes are resolved under the Partnership Act 1932: partners' rights, expulsion, retirement, dissolution by notice or court, and settling accounts.

Lease Agreements: Registration, Stamp Duty and Lock-In Periods

When a lease must be registered, how stamp duty is worked out in Delhi and UP, why 11-month agreements are common, and when lock-in clauses can be enforced.

Breach of Contract: Claiming Damages and Liquidated Damages

What you can recover when a contract is broken in India: damages under section 73, liquidated damages under section 74, proof of loss, deadlines and forum.

Franchise Agreement Disputes: Terms, Exit and Remedies

How franchise disputes are decided in India: the clauses that cause trouble, termination and exit, false projections, de-branding, deposits and where to file.

Annual ROC Compliance and Penalties for Default

The annual ROC filings every private company and LLP must make, their due dates, the late fees and penalties, director disqualification, strike-off and how to catch up.

MSME Delayed Payment: Facilitation Council Claims Under the MSMED Act

How a micro or small supplier recovers unpaid invoices through the MSE Facilitation Council: the 45-day rule, compound interest, the ODR portal, the award and the 75% deposit.

Employment Agreements: Notice, Bond and Confidentiality Clauses

Which employment agreement clauses hold up in India: notice periods and pay in lieu, minimum service bonds, confidentiality, IP, non-solicitation, and what to check before signing.

Are E-Signed and Click-Through Contracts Valid in India

When e-signed, Aadhaar eSign, email and click-through contracts bind in India, which documents cannot be signed electronically, stamp duty, and proving them in court.

Cyber Crime and Online Issues

Lost Money in a UPI Fraud? Steps to Report and Recover It

What to do in the first hour after a UPI fraud, how the 1930 helpline freezes money, when the bank must refund you, and how held money is released.

Bank Account Frozen After a Cyber Complaint: How to Get It Unfrozen

Why banks freeze accounts after a cyber fraud complaint, how to find out who ordered it, and the steps to get the account or the extra money released.

Sextortion Calls and Video Blackmail: What to Do

Someone threatens to share a private video or morphed images unless you pay: why not to pay, what to save, where to report and how to get content removed.

Fake Profile or Impersonation Online: Takedown and Complaint

How to get a fake profile or impersonating account removed: the platform report, the grievance officer complaint under the IT Rules, the police complaint and, if needed, a court order.

Defamatory Posts Online: Takedown, Civil Suit and Criminal Complaint

What to do when someone posts false and damaging content about you online: platform takedown, grievance appeals, a civil suit with an injunction, and a criminal complaint.

Online Job and Investment Scams: Complaint and Recovery

How task-based job scams and fake trading or stock-tip schemes work, how to report them through 1930 and an FIR, and what recovery of the money really involves.

Hacked Email or Social Media Account: Legal Remedies

What to do when your email, WhatsApp, Instagram or Facebook account is hacked: recovery, securing your accounts, police complaint, IT Act offences and compensation.

Digital Arrest Scam Calls: How They Work and What to Do

There is no digital arrest in Indian law. How fake CBI, ED and police video calls work, what to do during one, and how to report the fraud.

DPDP Act 2023: What Businesses Must Do

What the DPDP Act 2023 and the DPDP Rules 2025 require of an Indian business, when each duty starts, and the steps to take before May 2027.

Electronic Evidence and the Section 63 BSA Certificate

How WhatsApp chats, emails, CCTV footage and call recordings are proved in Indian courts under Section 63 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, and how to prepare the certificate.

Accused in a Cyber Crime Case: Bail and Defence

What to do if you are named in a cyber crime FIR: which charges are bailable, arrest and notice rules, anticipatory and regular bail, your seized phone, and the defence.

Removing Intimate Images Shared Without Consent

How to get intimate images or videos shared without consent taken down fast in India: platform complaints, the two-hour rule, cybercrime.gov.in, police, courts and privacy.

ED, CBI and Economic Offences

ED Summons Under Section 50 PMLA: How to Prepare

What a section 50 PMLA summons means, how to check it is genuine, what to carry, how statements are recorded and how to lower the risk of arrest.

PMLA Bail and the Twin Conditions of Section 45

How courts apply the twin conditions of section 45 PMLA, the exceptions in the provisos, default bail, Tarsem Lal and long custody, and what a bail application needs.

Challenging an ED Provisional Attachment Order

How a provisional attachment under section 5 PMLA works, the 180 day clock, replying to the Adjudicating Authority, appeals to the Appellate Tribunal, and when a writ helps.

ECIR: What It Is and Whether You Can Get a Copy

What an Enforcement Case Information Report is, how it differs from an FIR, why the ED does not hand it over, and the lawful ways to learn what it contains.

ED Search and Seizure: Your Rights During a Raid

What the Enforcement Directorate can and cannot do when it searches your home or office under the PMLA, and how to protect yourself during and after the raid.

FEMA Show Cause Notice: Adjudication and Penalties

How FEMA adjudication works after a show cause notice from the Enforcement Directorate: the penalty range, the reply, compounding, the hearing and the appeal ladder.

CBI Notice for Questioning: What to Expect

What a CBI notice under the BNSS means, whether you must go, what happens at the CBI office, your right to stay silent, and when to seek anticipatory bail.

Disproportionate Assets Case Against a Public Servant

How a disproportionate assets case under section 13(1)(b) of the Prevention of Corruption Act is built, how the figures are calculated, and how to answer it.

Trap Cases Under the Prevention of Corruption Act

How a bribery trap is laid under the Prevention of Corruption Act, what the prosecution must prove, bail, sanction, and what the accused and the complainant should do next.

Cheating and Criminal Breach of Trust Under the BNS

What Sections 316 and 318 BNS actually require, how cheating differs from criminal breach of trust and from a civil dispute, the punishments, and how complainants and accused should act.

Economic Offences Wing Delhi: Filing and Facing a Complaint

How the Delhi Police Economic Offences Wing takes up fraud complaints, how its enquiry and investigation run, and what complainants and the people named should do at each stage.

SFIO Investigation: What Directors and Officers Should Know

A practical note for directors, KMP and officers facing an SFIO investigation: how it starts, summons and examination, documents, arrest under Section 212(8), bail and prosecution.

GST Summons and Arrest: Your Rights and Bail

What to do when GST officers summon you under section 70, when they can arrest under section 69, and how anticipatory and regular bail work in GST cases.

Income Tax Prosecution and Compounding of Offences

How income tax prosecution works after the Income-tax Act 2025 and the 2026 changes: the offences, sanction, trial, defences, and compounding under the CBDT guidelines.

Forgery and Fabricated Documents: Complaint and Defence

Forgery under the BNS: what makes a document false, where to complain, the rule for documents filed in court, how forgery is proved, and defences.

Ponzi and Chit Fund Fraud: How Investors Can Recover

How investors in a collapsed Ponzi, deposit or chit fund scheme can recover money: the BUDS Act claim process, police complaints, SEBI, ED restitution and civil remedies.

Trademark and Copyright

Trademark Registration in India: Step by Step

How to register a trademark in India from search to certificate: the applicant, the class, Form TM-A, examination, advertisement, opposition and the ten-year registration.

Replying to a Trademark Examination Report

How to read a trademark examination report, answer section 9 and section 11 objections within the one-month deadline, prepare evidence and handle the show cause hearing.

Trademark Opposition: Filing and Defending

How trademark opposition works in India: who can oppose, the four-month window, Form TM-O, the counter-statement, the evidence rounds, the hearing and the appeal.

Trademark Infringement vs Passing Off

The difference between trademark infringement and passing off in India: what each requires, how courts test similarity, defences, remedies, and where to sue in Delhi.

Copyright Registration for Books, Software and Music

How to register copyright in a book, program or song in India: who applies, which form, what to upload and the mistakes that cause delay.

Copyright Infringement Online: Takedowns and Suits

What to do when your book, video, music, photos or software are copied online: evidence, takedown notices, the 21 day rule, suits and blocking orders.

Domain Name Disputes Under INDRP and UDRP

How to recover a domain name that copies your brand: INDRP for .in, UDRP for .com and others, what you must prove, the steps, and when to sue instead.

Trademark Renewal and Restoration of a Removed Mark

When a trademark registration expires in India, how to renew it, the six-month grace period, and how to restore a mark the Registry has removed.

Choosing a Brand Name: Legal Checks Before You Launch

The legal checks to run on a new brand name in India before launch: distinctiveness, trademark searches, prior users, company names, domains, logo ownership and filing.

Design Registration: Protecting the Look of a Product

How design registration under the Designs Act 2000 protects the shape and look of a product in India: novelty, filing, term, piracy suits and cancellation.

Employment and Service Law

What the Four Labour Codes Changed for Employers and Workers

What actually changed when the four Labour Codes replaced 29 labour laws on 21 November 2025: wages, final settlement, fixed-term work, layoffs, gig workers and enforcement.

Wrongful Termination: Remedies for Employees in India

What an employee can do after a wrongful termination in India: Industrial Tribunal, civil suit, CAT or writ, reinstatement and back wages, time limits and the papers to collect.

Gratuity Not Paid: How to Claim It

How to claim gratuity your employer has not paid: eligibility, the calculation, the 30-day deadline, interest, forfeiture and the claim before the competent authority.

Salary Not Paid: Legal Notice, Labour Claim or Civil Suit

Your employer has not paid your salary: how to choose between a legal notice, a wage claim under the Code on Wages, a civil suit, and in some cases insolvency.

Filing a POSH Complaint: The Internal Committee Process

How a POSH complaint moves through the Internal Committee: who can file, the three-month limit, the copies and evidence, the hearings, interim relief, the report and the appeal.

PF Disputes and Employer Default With the EPFO

What to do when your employer deducts PF but does not deposit it, or your EPF claim is stuck: passbook checks, EPFiGMS grievance, dues inquiry, interest, damages, recovery and prosecution.

Filing an Original Application in the CAT

How a government employee files an Original Application in the Central Administrative Tribunal: jurisdiction, which bench, the one-year limit, Form I, the paper book, interim relief and what follows.

Charge Sheet in a Departmental Inquiry: How to Reply

How a government employee should read and reply to a departmental charge sheet under the CCS (CCA) Rules: time limits, documents, objections, the inquiry, the report and the appeal.

Suspension of a Government Employee: Rules and Remedies

How suspension of a government employee works under Rule 10 of the CCS (CCA) Rules, the 90-day review, subsistence allowance, appeal and when to approach the CAT.

Promotion and Seniority Disputes in Government Service

How promotion and seniority disputes in government service are decided: DPCs, APAR gradings, sealed cover, seniority lists, MACP, arrears and filing before the CAT.

Pension Disputes for Retired Government Employees

How retired government employees can resolve pension disputes: delayed PPO, withheld pension and gratuity, wrong qualifying service, recovery of excess payments and filing before the CAT.

Challenging a Transfer Order in Government Service

When a government transfer order can be challenged, where to file (CAT, High Court or tribunal), the grounds that work, interim stays and what to do in the first week.

Compassionate Appointment: Eligibility and Disputes

Who is eligible for compassionate appointment in government service, how need is assessed, why claims are rejected, and how to challenge a rejection.

Employment Bonds and Recovery of Training Costs

When an employment bond or training cost clause is enforceable in India, how much an employer can recover, and what to do about withheld documents and dues.

Supreme Court, High Court and Rights

Special Leave Petition in the Supreme Court: How It Works

How a special leave petition under Article 136 works: which orders it covers, the 90-day limit, the paper book, the first hearing and what happens after notice or dismissal.

Writ Petition in the Delhi High Court: When and How

When a writ petition under Article 226 is the right remedy in the Delhi High Court, which authorities it reaches, and how it is drafted, filed and heard.

Review and Curative Petitions in the Supreme Court

What you can still do after the Supreme Court decides against you: the grounds and 30-day limit for review, and the narrow curative petition that follows it.

Public Interest Litigation: Who Can File and How

Who can file a public interest litigation in the Delhi High Court or Supreme Court, what the PIL rules require you to disclose, and how it is heard.

Habeas Corpus: Petition Against Illegal Detention

When someone is held without lawful authority, a habeas corpus writ makes the detainer justify it in court. When it works, where to file and what to carry.

Delhi High Court E-Filing and Listing of Cases

How a case is e-filed in the Delhi High Court, why the Registry raises objections, how refiling and limitation work, and how a matter reaches the cause list.

Caveat Petition: Stopping an Order Being Passed Behind Your Back

A caveat under Section 148A CPC makes the court hear you before passing an interim order sought against you. When to file one, where, and how to keep it alive.

Contempt Petition When a Court Order Is Not Followed

When a court order is ignored: whether contempt, execution or Order 39 Rule 2A fits, how to file a civil contempt petition, the one-year limit and what courts look for.

RTI Application, First Appeal and Second Appeal

How to file an RTI application, the 30-day reply rule, writing a first appeal, taking a second appeal to the CIC or State Commission, and penalties on the PIO.

Free Legal Aid: Who Qualifies and How to Apply

Who is entitled to free legal aid under section 12 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, the income limits in Delhi, UP and the Supreme Court, and how to apply.

Arbitration and Commercial Disputes

Drafting an Arbitration Clause That Works

How to write an arbitration clause that holds up in Indian courts: seat, appointment, institution, number of arbitrators, multi-tier steps, non-signatories, stamping and the common drafting traps.

Appointment of an Arbitrator Under Section 11

How to get the court to appoint an arbitrator under section 11: the notice, the 30-day wait, which court, the court's limited scrutiny, limitation and common objections.

Section 9 Interim Relief Before and During Arbitration

Urgent court protection under section 9 of the Arbitration Act: securing money, stopping asset sales, bank guarantees, the 90-day rule and when the tribunal should decide instead.

Challenging an Arbitral Award Under Section 34

How to challenge an arbitral award under section 34: the strict three-month limit, the grounds courts accept, patent illegality, stay of the award, and what courts will not do.

Enforcing an Arbitral Award as a Decree

How to enforce a domestic arbitral award as a court decree under section 36: when you can file, which court, the documents, stay deposits, asset discovery and execution steps.

Pre-Institution Mediation in Commercial Suits Under Section 12A

Why section 12A makes mediation compulsory before most commercial suits, how to apply in Delhi NCR, what urgent relief means, and what happens if you skip it.

The 120-Day Written Statement Rule in Commercial Suits

Why a defendant in a commercial suit loses the right to file a written statement after 120 days from service, how to count the days, and what to file.

Settling Cases in Lok Adalat: What You Should Know

How Lok Adalats settle pending and pre-litigation cases in Delhi NCR, which disputes qualify, why the award is final, and how to enforce it on default.

Online Arbitration and Mediation for Small Business Disputes

How online arbitration and mediation work for small business disputes in India: when they are binding, how to start one, what it costs and what goes wrong.

Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards in India

How a foreign arbitral award is enforced against an Indian party: which High Court, the documents, the three-year limit, the section 48 defences and execution.

Unpaid Invoices: Recovery Options for Businesses

A practical guide to recovering unpaid invoices in India: the first 30 days, limitation, and how to choose between MSME council, arbitration, commercial suit and IBC.

The Mediation Act 2023: What Changes for Disputes

What the Mediation Act 2023 changes for civil, commercial and family disputes: which parts are in force, time limits, enforceable settlements, online and community mediation.